In his treatise on The Fourth Dimension (1904), British mathematician Charles Hinton demonstrated how three-dimensional representations do not adequately represent all of the elements of matter, only its three spatial coordinates, […]
American inventor and photographer Eadweard Muybridge was commissioned by Leland Stanford, then entrepreneur and horse breeder, later Governor of California, to study the motion of his horses at his ranch […]
Between 1869–1875, English physicist William Crookes developed the cathode ray tube, also known as a Crookes Tube. His and others’ experiments with the application of high voltages to a partially […]
In K. und Pangeometrie (1925), El Lissitzky created this triptych to demonstrate three methods of visual construction. What he has labeled as “Leonardo” was referring to the predominantly Western European […]
In a speech made at an informal general meeting of the Royal British Institute of Architects on December 9, 1936, László Moholy-Nagy outlined the spatial concepts that he elaborated in […]
American architect Claude Fayette Bragdon captivated audiences with his designs for mesmerizing light shows in the early twentieth century. In addition to his writings on the spatial fourth dimension, Bragdon […]
